Apparatus to preserve and identify biological samples at cryogenic conditions

ABSTRACT

A container includes a vial, cap, and one or more wireless transponders secured to the cap, the vial or a jacket to store and identify samples of biological material at cryogenic temperatures (e.g., vitrified biological samples), for instance held by cryopreservation storage devices. A specimen holder may be extend from the cap. The vial and/or cap includes ports or vents. A carrier includes a box, thermal shunt, thermal insulation to store and identify arrays of containers that hold cryopreservation storage devices with samples of biological material at cryogenic temperatures. Various apparatus include wireless transponders positioned and oriented to enhance range, and allow interrogation while retained in a carrier. Various apparatus can maintain the biological material at or close to cryogenic temperatures for prolonged period of times after being removed from a cryogenic cooler, and can allow wireless inventorying while maintaining the biological samples at suitably cold temperatures.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to apparatus to maintain atleast temporarily maintain biological samples (e.g., eggs, sperm,embryos) at cryogenic temperatures, and to facilitate identification ofstored biological samples.

BACKGROUND Description of the Related Art

Long-term preservation of cells and tissues through cryopreservation hasbroad impacts in multiple fields including tissue engineering, fertilityand reproductive medicine, regenerative medicine, stem cells, bloodbanking, animal strain preservation, clinical sample storage,transplantation medicine, and in vitro drug testing. This can includethe process of vitrification in which a biological sample (e.g., anoocyte, an embryo, a biopsy) contained in or on a storage device (e.g.,a cryopreservation straw, cryopreservation tube, stick or spatula) israpidly cooled by placing the biological sample and the storage devicein a substance, such as liquid nitrogen. This results in a glass-likesolidification or glassy state of the biological sample (e.g., a glassstructure at the molecular level), which maintains the absence ofintracellular and extracellular ice (e.g., reducing cell damage and/ordeath) and, upon thawing, improves post-thaw cell viability. To ensureviability, the vitrified biological samples must then be continuouslystored in a liquid nitrogen dewar or other container containing theliquid nitrogen, which is at a temperature of negative 196 degreesCelsius.

There are, however, a number of concerns in how these biological samplesare being stored, identified, managed, inventoried, retrieved, etc.

For example, each harvested embryo is loaded on a rigid embryo straw,stick or spatula. On the case of tube, the tube may be closed (e.g.,plugged) at one end and open at the other end. The cryopreservationstorage devices containing or holding the embryos are cooled as quicklyas possible by plunging the cryopreservation storage device with thebiological material into liquid nitrogen at a temperature ofapproximately negative 196 degrees Celsius, for example to achievevitrification. More particularly, multiple cryopreservation storagedevices are placed in a goblet for placement in the liquid nitrogenstorage tank. The goblet attaches to the liquid nitrogen storage tanksuch that the multiple cryopreservation storage devices are suspended inthe liquid nitrogen. Labels that are manually written-on using asuitable marker pen or printed using a custom printer are attached tothe straw and/or the goblet. Such labels can include identificationinformation corresponding to the individual that the embryo washarvested from and other suitable information (e.g., a cryopreservationstorage device number, a practitioner number, etc.).

The size of the cryopreservation storage devices and the storageconditions in liquid nitrogen generally require special labels, and eventhen can adversely affect the persistence of markings on the respectivecryopreservation storage devices. For instance, it is not uncommon forlabels bearing identification information corresponding to theindividual that the embryo was harvested from to separate from thecorresponding cryopreservation storage device. Even if the gobletincludes the identification information, it should also be noted thatcryopreservation storage devices are often separated from thecorresponding goblet, thereby resulting in one or more cryopreservationstorage devices floating within the liquid nitrogen storage tank.

With regard to storage and management of these biological samples,facilities employ personnel that are required to maintain the liquidnitrogen storage tanks (e.g., by refilling them with liquid nitrogenwhen needed) and manage the inventory of stored biological samples(e.g., by performing periodic accountings). There is, however, littlerecordkeeping with regard to the proper storage of these biologicalsamples. For example, subsequent identification or otherwise handling ofthe vitrified biological sample can involve removal of the sample fromtemperature-controlled storage and exposure of the sample to ambienttemperature, thus potentially risking the viability of the sample.

Accordingly, it is desirable to provide new apparatus for preserving andidentifying biological samples (e.g., vitrified biological samples) atsuitably cold temperatures.

BRIEF SUMMARY

A container includes a vial, cap, and wireless transponders to store andidentify samples of biological material at cryogenic temperatures (e.g.,vitrified biological samples), for instance held by cryopreservationstorage devices (e.g., straws, tubes, sticks, spatulas). A carrierincludes a box, thermal shunt, thermal insulation to store and identifyarrays of containers that hold cryopreservation storage devices withsamples of biological material at cryogenic temperatures. Variousapparatus include wireless transponders positioned and oriented toenhance range, and allow interrogation while retained in a carrier.Various apparatus can maintain the biological material at or close tocryogenic temperatures for prolonged period of times after being removedfrom a cryogenic cooler, and can allow wireless inventorying whilemaintaining the biological samples at suitably cold temperatures.

A carrier to carry vials of biological materials and extend cryogenicconditions may be summarized as including: a container having a top, abottom and at least one side wall, the bottom having an inner facingsurface and an outer facing surface, the at least one side wall havingan inner facing surface and an outer facing surface, the inner facingsurface of the bottom and the inner facing surface of the at least oneside wall delineating an interior compartment having an interiorcompartment profile, the container having an opening at the top thereof;a thermal shunt, the thermal shunt comprising a substrate comprising ametal and having a first major face and a second major face, the secondmajor face opposed from the first major face across a thickness of thesubstrate, the substrate having an array of a plurality of throughholesthat extend through the thickness of the substrate, each of thethroughholes of the substrate shaped and sized to receive at least aportion of a respective vial therethrough, the substrate closelyreceivable in the interior compartment of the container; at least onethermal insulator closely receivable in the interior compartment of thecontainer and that overlies the first major face and underlies thesecond major face of the substrate of thermal shunt, the at least onethermal insulator having an array of a plurality of throughholes thatextend therethrough, each of the throughholes of the at least onethermal insulator the shaped and sized to receive at least a portion ofa respective vial therethrough; and a spacer closely receivable in theinterior compartment of the container, the spacer having an array of aplurality of throughholes that extend therethrough, each of thethroughholes of the spacer the shaped and sized to receive at least aportion of a respective vial therethrough, and wherein, when the spacer,the thermal shunt, the at least one thermal insulator are stacked in theinterior compartment of the container, each of the throughholes of thespacer is axially aligned with a respective one of the throughholes ofthe thermal shunt and is axially aligned with a respective at least oneof the throughholes of the at least one thermal insulator.

The vials may each carry a respective wireless transponder, and acombination of the bottom of the container, the thermal shunt, the atleast one thermal insulator and the spacer positions the vialslongitudinally to space the wireless transponders relatively above orrelatively below the thermal shunt by a defined distance, for examplepositioning the vials longitudinally to space the wireless transpondersrelatively above or relatively below the thermal shunt by a distance ofat least 3 millimeters. A combination of any of a thickness of thebottom of the container, the thermal shunt, the at least one thermalinsulator and the spacer may position the vials longitudinally to spacea bottom of the vials within a defined distance of an exterior surfaceof the bottom, for example a distance of less than 20 mm or morepreferably less than 15 mm of an exterior surface of the bottom.

The at least one thermal insulator may comprise a thermal insulator trayand a thermal insulator plate, the substrate of the thermal shuntsandwiched between the thermal insulator tray and the thermal insulatorplate. The tray may have a base having a periphery and a peripheral wallthat extends from and about the periphery of the base, the base havingan array of a plurality of throughholes, and the thermal insulator platemay have an array of a plurality of throughholes, the throughholes ofthe thermal insulator tray axially aligned with respective throughholesof the thermal insulator plate and axially aligned with respectivethroughholes of the substrate of the thermal shunt. The thermalinsulator plate may be closely receivable by the peripheral wall of thethermal insulator tray to enclose the thermal shunt on all sides thereofby a combination of the thermal insulator tray and the thermal insulatorplate, preventing thermal convection therethrough. The thermal insulatormay comprise or consist of an aerogel.

The thermal shunt may be a heat sink in the form of a block ofnon-ferrous metal. The substrate of the thermal shunt may be a heatsink, for example, in the form of a block of aluminum or othernon-ferrous metal. The substrate of the thermal shunt is may be a heatsink in the form of a block of non-ferrous metal impregnated polymer.

A bottom of the container may include an array of a plurality ofreceptacles that extend upwardly from the inner facing surface, each ofthe receptacles having a dimension sized to receive a bottom portion ofa respective vial therein, and when the spacer, the thermal shunt, theat least one thermal insulator are stacked in the interior compartmentof the container, each of the throughholes of the spacer, the thermalshunt, and the at least one thermal insulator is axially aligned with arespective one of the receptacles. The throughholes of the spacer, thethermal shunt, and the at least one thermal insulator may be arranged ina 2 by 2 array. The throughholes of the spacer, the thermal shunt, andthe at least one thermal insulator may be arranged in a 7 by 7 array.

A carrier may include a cover coupleable to the container to seal theopening in the top of the container while the spacer, the thermal shunt,the at least one thermal insulator are stacked in the interiorcompartment of the container. The at least one side wall of thecontainer is a thermally insulated side wall. The carrier may furtherinclude a handle.

A carrier may include one or more of: a passive temperature sensor fixedto a portion of the carrier, the temperature sensor operable to providea signal representative of a temperature in the interior compartment ofthe container; a passive wireless transponder fixed to a portion of thecarrier, the wireless transponder operable to withstand temperatures ofapproximately negative 150° C. and to subsequently or concurrentlywireless transmit a unique identifier; a machine-readable symbol fixedto a portion of the carrier and which encodes a unique identifier;and/or a human-readable symbol fixed to a portion of the carrier andwhich encodes information.

A container for cryogenic storage of biological materials may besummarized as including: a vial having a first end, a second end, and aside wall, the second end opposed from the first end across a length ofthe vial, the side wall extending between the first and the second endsto delimit an interior cavity of the vial from an exterior thereof, thevial having an opening at the first end thereof; a cap sized and shapedto removably close the opening at the first end of the vial; a firstwireless transponder having a first antenna, the first antenna having abeam axis aligned with a main lobe of a radiation plot of the firstantenna, the first wireless transponder fixed to the vial with the beamaxis thereof extending parallel to the length of the vial, the firstwireless transponder operable to withstand temperatures of approximatelynegative 150° C. and to wireless transmit a unique identifier; and asecond wireless transponder having a second antenna, the second antennahaving a beam axis aligned with a main lobe of a radiation plot of thesecond antenna, the second wireless transponder fixed to the vial withthe beam axis thereof extending perpendicularly to the beam axis of thefirst antenna, the second wireless transponder operable to withstandtemperatures of approximately negative 150° C. and to wireless transmita unique identifier.

The first antenna may be fixed at least proximate the second end of thevial, for secured thereto via an epoxy or encapsulant or modeledtherein.

The second end of the vial may be a flat surface, the flat surfaceperpendicular to the length of the vial, and the first antenna of thefirst wireless transponder may extend parallel with the flat surface ofthe bottom of the vial. The first wireless transponder may be a radiofrequency identification button cell that has a pair of major surfacesopposed across a thickness of the radio frequency identification buttoncell from one another and which extend parallel with the flat surface ofthe bottom of the vial. The second wireless transponder may be a radiofrequency identification tag, and the radio frequency identification tagmay wrap at least partially around an outer perimeter of the side wallof the vial.

The container may be sized to store sample cryopreservation storagedevices with the biological materials retained by the samplecryopreservation storage devices. The container may further include afixed thermal mass located in the interior cavity of the vial, the fixedthermal mass having a larger thermal mass than a thermal mass associatedwith the sample cryopreservation storage devices and the biologicalmaterials. The fixed thermal mass may take the form of a piece ofnon-ferrous metal or a metal impregnated polymer. The fixed thermal massmay be located along the length of the vial spaced from both the firstwireless transponder and the second wireless transponder by at least aminimum defined distance. For example, the fixed thermal mass may belocated along the length of the vial spaced from both the first wirelesstransponder and the second wireless transponder by at least a minimumdefined distance of 0.3 mm.

The container may further include at least one passive temperaturesensor carried by the vial, the passive temperature sensor operable towithstand temperatures of approximately negative 150° C. and tosubsequently or concurrently provide a signal representative of atemperature in the interior compartment of the container. The at leastone passive temperature sensor may be integral to at least one of thefirst or the second wireless transponders, and the first and the secondwireless transponders may each be passive radio frequency identificationtransponders that encode at least one unique identifier or MEMS basedidentification transponders.

The container may further include at least one machine-readable symbolcarried by the vial, the at least one machine-readable symbol encoding aunique identifier. The at least one machine-readable symbol may becarried by one or both of the wireless transponders

The wireless transponders may be fixed to a portion of the vial via anepoxy or encapsulant, or may be integrated into the vial, for instanceby molding.

A container for cryogenic storage of biological materials may besummarized as comprising: a vial having a first end, a second end, and aside wall, the second end opposed from the first end across a length ofthe vial, the side wall extending between the first and the second endsto delimit an interior cavity of the vial from an exterior thereof, thevial having an opening at the first end thereof; a cap sized and shapedto removably close the opening at the first end of the vial, at leastone of the cap or the vial including one or more through-holes to allowingress of liquid (e.g., liquid nitrogen) into and/or to vent gas (e.g.,air) from the interior cavity of the vial to the exterior while the capis secured to the vial.

The container may include a first wireless transponder having a firstantenna, the first antenna having a beam axis aligned with a main lobeof a radiation plot of the first antenna, the first wireless transponderfixed to the vial with the beam axis thereof extending parallel to thelength of the vial, the first wireless transponder operable to withstandtemperatures of approximately negative 150° C. and to wireless transmita unique identifier. The through-holes may allow liquid nitrogen to fillthe interior cavity of the vial when the vial is placed in a cryogenicbath, advantageously preventing the vial from floating to a surface ofthe liquid nitrogen bath.

A container for cryogenic storage of biological materials may besummarized as comprising: a vial having a first end, a second end, and aside wall, the second end opposed from the first end across a length ofthe vial, the side wall extending between the first and the second endsto delimit an interior cavity of the vial from an exterior thereof, thevial having an opening at the first end thereof; a cap sized and shapedto removably close the opening at the first end of the vial, and anelongated specimen holder having a distal end to carry a specimen and aproximate end, the elongated specimen holder attached to the cap at theproximate end of the elongated specimen holder. The elongated specimenholder may be integral with the cap, for example the elongated specimenholder and cap formed as a unitary, single piece construction (e.g.,molded as a single unit), or may be secured to the cap via a friction orinterference fit, or an adhesive capable of withstanding cryogenictemperatures.

A container for cryogenic storage of biological materials may besummarized as comprising: a vial having a first end, a second end, and aside wall, the second end opposed from the first end across a length ofthe vial, the side wall extending between the first and the second endsto delimit an interior cavity of the vial from an exterior thereof, thevial having an opening at the first end thereof; a cap sized and shapedto removably close the opening at the first end of the vial, and ajacket, sleeve or frame secured to an exterior of the vial. A wirelesstransponder may be carried on or by the jacket or sleeve, or frame, forexample at tip thereof that is distal with respect to the cap.

A container for cryogenic storage of biological materials may besummarized as comprising: a vial having a first end, a second end, and aside wall, the second end opposed from the first end across a length ofthe vial, the side wall extending between the first and the second endsto delimit an interior cavity of the vial from an exterior thereof, thevial having an opening at the first end thereof; a cap sized and shapedto removably close the opening at the first end of the vial, and awireless transponder may be carried on or by the cap.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings, identical reference numbers identify similar elementsor acts. The sizes and relative positions of elements in the drawingsare not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the shapes of variouselements and angles are not drawn to scale, and some of these elementsare arbitrarily enlarged and positioned to improve drawing legibility.Further, the particular shapes of the elements as drawn are not intendedto convey any information regarding the actual shape of the particularelements, and have been solely selected for ease of recognition in thedrawings.

FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a container for holding biologicalsamples and a sample cryopreservation storage device held by thecontainer, the container including a vial, a cap, a pair of wirelesstransponders, a sensor, machine-readable symbols, and a fixed thermalmass, according to at least one implementation.

FIG. 2 is a top isometric view of the cap of the container of FIG. 1,according to at least one implementation.

FIG. 3 is a bottom isometric view of the cap of the container of FIG. 1,according to at least one implementation.

FIG. 4 is an isometric view of a radio frequency identification buttoncell that can be used as one of the wireless transponders of thecontainer of FIG. 1, according to at least one implementation.

FIG. 5 is an isometric view of a bulk carrier to maintain cryogenicconditions, that can carry an array of 49 separate containers, accordingto at least one implementation.

FIG. 6 is an exploded view of the bulk carrier of FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is top plan view of the bulk carrier of FIG. 5.

FIG. 8 is cross-sectional view of the bulk carrier of FIG. 7 taken alongsection line A-A.

FIG. 9A is a top isometric view of a box of the bulk carrier of FIG. 5.

FIG. 9B is a bottom isometric view of a box of the bulk carrier of FIG.5.

FIG. 10 is an isometric view of a heat shunt of the bulk carrier of FIG.5.

FIG. 11 is an isometric view of a portion of an insulation of the bulkcarrier of FIG. 5.

FIG. 12 is a top isometric view of a top spacer of the bulk carrier ofFIG. 5.

FIG. 13 is a bottom isometric view of the top spacer of the bulk carrierof FIG. 5.

FIG. 14 is a top isometric view of a patient carrier that can carry anarray of four individual containers, according to at least oneimplementation.

FIG. 15 is a top isometric view of a carrier box of the patient carrierof FIG. 14, according to at least one implementation.

FIG. 16 is a bottom isometric view of a carrier box of the patientcarrier of FIG. 14, according to at least one implementation.

FIG. 17 is an isometric view of a heat shunt plate of the patientcarrier, according to at least one implementation.

FIG. 18 is a top isometric view of an insulation tray for the patientcarrier, according to at least one implementation.

FIG. 19 is a top isometric view of an insulation plate for the patientcarrier, according to at least one implementation.

FIG. 20 is a top isometric view of a top spacer for the patient carrier,according to at least one implementation.

FIG. 21 is a bottom isometric view of a top spacer for the patientcarrier, according to at least one implementation.

FIG. 22 is a top isometric view of a portable carrier 400 for holdingbulk carriers 200, 300 (FIGS. 5, 14) with containers 100 (FIG. 1) thathold biological samples and/or material, with a cover 402 in place,according to at least one implementation.

FIG. 23 is a bottom isometric view of the portable carrier of FIG. 22.

FIG. 24 is a top isometric view of the portable carrier 400 with thecover 402 removed, according to at least one implementation.

FIG. 25 is a top isometric view of the portable carrier 400 with thecover removed and illustrating bulk carriers 200, 300 (FIGS. 5, 14)loaded therein, according to at least one implementation.

FIG. 26 is a top isometric view of an interior insert of the portablecarrier 400, according to at least one implementation.

FIG. 27 is a top isometric view of a piece of insulation of the portablecarrier of FIG. 22, according to at least one implementation.

FIG. 28 is a top isometric view of a piece of cover insulation of theportable carrier of FIG. 22, according to at least one implementation.

FIG. 29 is an isometric view of a container for holding biologicalsamples, the container including a vial and a cap, the vial being atleast partially covered by an outer jacket or sleeve, according to atleast one implementation.

FIG. 30 is an isometric view of the container of FIG. 29 with the capremoved therefrom, with an elongate specimen holder extending from thecap as an integral, permanently fixed, or removably-attached element,according to at least one implementation.

FIG. 31 is an isometric view of the cap of the vial of FIG. 30 with aspecimen holder fixed to a bottom surface of the cap, according to atleast one implementation.

FIGS. 32 and 33 are a bottom view and a top view, respectively, of thecap of the vial of FIG. 30 without an attached specimen holder,according to at least one implementation.

FIG. 34 is a bottom view of the container of FIG. 29 showing a firstwireless transponder fixed on the platform at the bottom end of theouter jacket of the container, according to at least one implementation.

FIG. 35 is a side view of the container of FIG. 29 showing a label fixedto the side of the outer jacket of the container, the label including amachine-readable symbol(s) and human-readable information and coveringor being positioned near a second wireless transponder, according to atleast one implementation.

FIG. 36 is a top view of the container similar to that of FIG. 29showing a wireless transponder fixed on a top surface of the cap of thevial, according to at least one implementation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, certain specific details are set forth inorder to provide a thorough understanding of various disclosedembodiments. However, one skilled in the relevant art will recognizethat embodiments may be practiced without one or more of these specificdetails, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In otherinstances, well-known structures associated with computer systems,actuator systems, and/or communications networks have not been shown ordescribed in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of theembodiments. In other instances, well-known computer vision methods andtechniques for generating perception data and volumetric representationsof one or more objects and the like have not been described in detail toavoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the embodiments.

Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification andclaims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, suchas, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open,inclusive sense, that is as “including, but not limited to.”

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “anembodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristicdescribed in connection with the embodiment is included in at least oneembodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or“in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification arenot necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, theparticular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined inany suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singularforms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the contentclearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or”is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the contentclearly dictates otherwise.

The headings and Abstract of the Disclosure provided herein are forconvenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of theembodiments.

FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 show a container 100 holding a sample cryopreservationstorage devices (e.g., straw, tube, stick, spatula) 102 which in turnholds biological samples or material 103, according to at least oneillustrated implementation.

The container 100 includes a vial 104, a cap 106, a number of wirelesstransponders 108 a, 108 b (two shown), and optionally a number ofsensors 110 (one shown).

The vial 104 has a first end 112 a, a second end 112 b, and a side wall114. The second end 112 b is opposed from the first end 112 a across alength L of the vial 104, and the side wall 114 extends between thefirst and the second ends 112 a, 112 b to delimit an interior cavity 116of the vial 104 from an exterior 118 thereof. The vial 104 has anopening 120 at the first end 112 a thereof, and the second end 112 b maybe closed or sealable. The vial 104 takes the form of a tube, which mayhave a circular profile or cross section, or alternatively may haveother shapes (e.g., rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal). The opening 120of the vial 104 may, for example, be circular, although the opening 120may have other shapes. The second end 112 b of the vial 104 may, forexample, have a flat surface 122, the flat surface 122 perpendicular tothe length L or longitudinal axis of the vial 104. The vial 104 may beformed of any materials suitable to being deposited into a cryogenicbath, for example various polycarbonate, aromatic polyimidies (e.g.,PMMA, Kapton, Upilex), and is preferably transparent.

The cap 106 is sized and shaped to removably close the opening 120 atthe first end 112 a of the vial 104. As best illustrated in FIGS. 2 and3, the cap 106 may have a top surface 124 and a side wall 126 extendingfrom the top surface 124 to delimit an interior 128 (FIG. 3) of the cap106. The cap 106 has an opening 130 at an end thereof, the opening 130having a shape and inner dimension sized to receive the first end 112 aof the vial 104. The cap 106 may have a thread 132, for example on aninterior of the side wall 126 to threadedly mate to a thread on anexterior of the side wall 114 of the vial 104. The top of surface 124 ofthe cap 106 may include one or more through-holes 134 (FIG. 2, only onecalled out) to vent the interior cavity 116 of the vial 104 to theexterior 118 when the cap 106 is secured to the vial 104. An outersurface of the side wall 126 of the cap 106 may include a plurality ofridges 136 (only one called out), which may facilitate gripping whentightening or loosening the cap 106. The cap 106 may be formed of any ofa variety of materials, for example polymers, for instancethermoplastics, such as polypropylene or polyethylene, and/or any othersuitable material that withstand temperatures common in cryogenicapplications without degradation. While the cap 106 is generallyillustrated as receiving a portion of the vial 104 therein, in someimplementation, the cap 106 may alternatively be sized to have a portionthereof securely received within the opening of the vial 104.

Returning to FIG. 1, as noted, the container 100 may include or bear oneor more wireless transponders 108 a, 108 b (collectively 108), andadvantageously two wireless transponders. The wireless transponders 108may take a variety of forms. For example, active, passive, orbattery-assisted radio frequency identification (RFID) transpondersemploy an integrated circuit (IC) to store and return a uniqueidentifier. Active RFID transponders include a dedicated power source(e.g., a chemical battery cell) to power the RFID transponder. PassiveRFID transponder do not include a dedicated power source, but ratherderive power from an interrogation signal, typically charging acapacitor, which provides sufficient power to provide a return signal(e.g., back scatter signal) with unique identifying information imposedthereof. Battery-assisted RFID transponders generally detect aninterrogation signal, but employ a dedicated power source (e.g.,chemical battery cell) to primarily power the operations. Also forexample, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) transponders employ oneor typically more mechanical elements which mechanically vibrate oroscillated at respective frequencies to return a unique identifier.These MEMS transponders are mechanically based and typically do notemploy ICs, nor do they typically store unique identifiers in memory.The terms “integrated circuit RFID transponder” and “non-MEMS RFIDtransponder” are used herein to distinguish non-mechanical RFIDtransponders from mechanical or MEMS based transponders.

The wireless transponders 108 are able to withstand cold temperatures(e.g., negative 150° C.; negative 196° C.) and continue to operate. Inparticular, the wireless transponders 108 are preferable able towithstand multiple instances of temperature cycling between coldtemperatures (e.g., negative 150° C.; negative 196° C.) and relativelywarmer temperatures to which the containers may be exposed when removedfrom a cryogenic cooler or dewar. The wireless transponders 108 mayadvantageously take the form of passive wireless transponders, whichrely on power from interrogation signals to provide responses, forexample via backscattering. MEMS transponders may be particularlysuitable for operation at cold temperatures.

Each of a first and a second wireless transponder 108 a, 108 b encodes aunique identifier. The wireless transponders 108 respond to wirelessinterrogation signals with response signals encoding the uniqueidentifiers, for example via backscattering. In some implementations,both the first and the second wireless transponders 108 a, 108 b mayencode a same unique identifier as one another, which uniquelyidentifies the container 100. Alternatively, a nontransitoryprocessor-readable medium may store a relationship between pairs ofunique identifiers corresponding to pairs of wireless transponders 108carried or born by a same respective container 100.

In particular, a first wireless transponder 108 a has a respectiveantenna 138 a (e.g., first antenna) which is coupled to a respectivetransponder circuit 139 (e.g., radio, transmitter, backscatter circuit,illustrated in FIG. 4). The first antenna 138 a typically has a beamaxis 140 a aligned with a main lobe of a radiation plot of the firstantenna 138 a. The first wireless transponder 108 a is fixed to the vial104 with the beam axis 140 a thereof extending parallel to the length Lor longitudinal axis of the vial 104. The second wireless transponder108 b has a respective antenna 138 b (e.g., second antenna) which iscoupled to a respective transponder circuit. The second antenna 138 bhas a beam axis 140 b aligned with a main lobe of a radiation plot ofthe second antenna 138 b. The second wireless transponder 108 b is fixedto the vial 104 with the beam axis 140 b thereof extendingperpendicularly to the beam axis 140 a of the first antenna 138 a. Thefirst antenna 138 a may be fixed proximate an end 112 a, 112 b of thevial 104, preferably at least proximate the second end 112 b of the vial104. For example, the first antenna 138 a of the first wirelesstransponder 108 a extends parallel with the flat surface 122 of thebottom of the vial 104. Notably, by providing the first and secondwireless transponders 108 a, 108 b as separate and distinct substrates,the shape of the vial may advantageously be employed to ensure that thebeam axes 140 a, 140 b are perpendicular or orthogonal to one another.This arrangement and positioning may facilitate interrogating or readingfrom below the vials, for example when held in storage in acryogenic-cooled container. As best illustrated in FIG. 4, the firstwireless transponder 108 a may, for instance, take the form of a radiofrequency identification (RFID) button cell. The RFID button cell has apair of major surfaces 142 a, 142 b opposed across a thickness tB of theRFID button cell from one another, and which extend parallel with theflat surface 122 (FIG. 1) of the bottom of the vial 104. The secondwireless transponder 108 b may take the form of a radio frequencyidentification (RFID) tag. The RFID tag may have a flexible substrate orcarrier which bears the second antenna 138 b and transponder circuit.The RFID tag may wrap at least partially around an outer perimeter ofthe side wall 114 of the vial 104. One or both of the wirelesstransponders 108 may be physically coupled or fixed to the cap 106, asdiscussed below with respect to FIGS. 29-36.

The first wireless transponder 108 a is fixed to a portion of the vial104, for example via an epoxy. The epoxy may encapsulate the firstwireless transponder 108 a, or the combination of the vial 104 and epoxymay encapsulate the first wireless transponder 108 a, to securely attachand provide environmental protection thereto. Alternatively, the firstwireless transponder 108 a may be molded or encapsulated in a portion ofthe vial 104 itself. The second wireless transponder 108 b is fixed to aportion of the vial 104, for example via an epoxy. The epoxy mayencapsulate the second wireless transponder 108 b, or the combination ofthe vial 104 and epoxy may encapsulate the second wireless transponder108 b, to securely attach and provide environmental protection thereto.Alternatively, the second wireless transponder 108 b may be molded orencapsulated in a portion of the vial 104 itself.

As noted, the container 100 may also include or bear one or more sensors110 (only one shown). The sensor(s) 110 may take a variety of forms,such as, for example, wireless sensors which not only sense conditionsbut also include an antenna and transponder circuit (e.g., radio,transmitter, backscatter circuit) to wirelessly transmit measurements orother indications of sensed condition from the sensors 110. Thesensor(s) 110 are able to withstand cold temperatures (e.g., negative150° C.; negative 196° C.) and continue to operate. In particular, thesensor(s) 110 are preferable able to withstand multiple instances oftemperature cycling between cold temperatures (e.g., negative 150° C.;negative 196° C.) and relatively warmer temperatures to which thecontainers 100 may be exposed when removed from a cryogenic cooler ordewar.

The one or more sensors 110 may include one or more temperature sensors,and preferably passive temperature sensors, operable to sensetemperature in the vial 104, at the vial 104 and/or external to the vial104. Temperature sensors may include any one or more of optical basedtemperature sensors (e.g., laser temperature sensors, infraredtemperature sensors); or thermocouples, thermistors and/or resistancetemperature detectors, or MEMS based temperature sensors in which afrequency of mechanical vibration or oscillation of a vibratory elementvaries with temperature.

The sensor(s) 110 may be fixed to a portion of the vial 104, for examplevia an epoxy. The epoxy may encapsulate the sensor(s) 110, or thecombination of the vial 104 and epoxy may encapsulate the sensor(s) 110,to securely attach and provide environmental protection thereto.Alternatively, the sensor(s) 110 may be molded or encapsulated in aportion of the vial 104 itself.

In at least some implementations, the sensor(s) 110 may be integral tothe wireless transponders 108 a, 108 b, employing the antenna 138 a, 138b and transponder circuits 109 of the wireless transponder 108 a, 108 bfor transmitting information outward from the container 100.Alternatively, one or more sensor(s) 110 may be separate and distinctfrom the wireless transponders 108 a, 108 b.

The container 100 may also optionally include or bear one or moremachine-readable symbols 144 a, 144 b. The machine-readable symbols 144a, 144 b may take a variety of forms, for example one-dimensionalmachine readable symbols commonly referred to as barcode symbols, ortwo-dimensional machine-readable symbols for instance Matrix codesymbols. The machine-readable symbols 144 a, 144 b can be composed ofmachine-readable symbol characters selected from any of a large varietyof symbologies, and readable via any type of machine-readable symbolreader. The machine readable symbols (e.g., ink, media) 144 a, 144 b areable to withstand cold temperatures (e.g., negative 150° C.; negative196° C.) and continue to operate. In particular, the machine readablesymbols 144 a, 144 b are preferable able to withstand multiple instancesof temperature cycling between cold temperatures (e.g., negative 150°C.; negative 196° C.) and relatively warmer temperatures to which thecontainers may be exposed when removed from a cryogenic cooler or dewarand remain optically readable.

Each of the one machine-readable symbols 144 a, 144 b encodes a uniqueidentifier. In some implementations, both a first and a second onemachine-readable symbol 144 a, 144 b may encode a same unique identifieras one another, which uniquely identifies the container 100.Alternatively, a nontransitory processor-readable medium may store arelationship between pairs of unique identifiers corresponding to pairsof one machine-readable symbol 144 a, 144 b carried or born by a samerespective container 100.

The machine-readable symbols 144 a, 144 b may be fixed to a portion ofthe vial 104, for example via an epoxy. The epoxy may encapsulate themachine-readable symbols 144 a, 144 b, or the combination of the vial104 and epoxy may encapsulate the machine-readable symbols 144 a, 144 b,to securely attach and provide environmental protection thereto.Alternatively, the machine-readable symbols 144 a, 144 b may be moldedor encapsulated in a portion of the vial 104 itself. The epoxy and/orvial should be sufficiently transparent at a set of wavelengths (e.g.,visible wavelengths, infrared wavelengths, ultraviolet wavelengths) thatthe machine-readable symbols 144 a, 144 b can be optically scanned orread.

While not illustrated, the container 100 may also optionally include orbear one or more human-readable symbols, for example alphanumericcharacters or words or serial numbers.

In at least some implementations, the machine-readable symbols 144 a,144 b may be integral to the wireless transponders 108 a, 108 b, e.g.,printed, embossed, inscribed or otherwise applied thereto.

The container 100 may optionally include a fixed thermal mass 146 and athermal insulator 148 that at least partially surrounds the thermal mass146 to prevent or inhibit thermal conduction. The thermal mass 146 maybe located in the interior cavity 116 of the vial 104. The thermal mass146 has a larger thermal mass than a thermal mass associated with thesample cryopreservation storage device(s) 102 and the biologicalmaterials 103 held by the sample cryopreservation storage device(s) 102.The thermal mass 146 may take the form of a piece of non-ferrous metalor a metal impregnated polymer where the metal is in the form of smallpieces, particles or strands that are sufficiently small anddiscontinuous as to prevent or retard the formation of currentstherethrough. The thermal insulator 148 may take a variety of forms,including but not limited to an aerogel (e.g., a microporous solid inwhich the dispersed phase is a gas, a gel in which the liquid componentis replaced with a gas, for instance silica-based, alumina-based,chromia-based, tin oxide-based and carbon based aerogels).

The thermal mass 146 is located along the length L of the vial 104,preferably spaced from both the first wireless transponder 108 a and thesecond wireless transponder 108 b by at least a minimum defined distance(e.g., 3 mm) to prevent interference with wireless communications viathe wireless transponders 108 a, 108 b.

FIGS. 5, 6, 7 and 8 show a bulk carrier 200 to maintain cryogenicconditions, that can carry an array of separate containers 100 (FIG. 1),for example 49 separate containers 100, according to at least oneimplementation. The bulk carrier may be a portable bulk carrier,allowing specimens carried therein to be transported while maintainingcryogenic temperatures. As best illustrated in FIG. 6, the bulk carrier200 includes a carrier box 202, thermal shunt 204, thermal insulation206 a, 206 b (collectively 206) around the thermal shunt 204, and a topspacer 208. FIGS. 9A and 9B show the carrier box 202 of the bulk carrier200 of FIGS. 5-8. FIG. 10 shows the heat shunt 204 of the bulk carrier200 of FIGS. 5-8. FIG. 11 shows a portion of the insulation 206 of thebulk carrier 200 of FIGS. 5-8. FIGS. 12 and 13 show the top spacer 208of the bulk carrier 200 of FIGS. 5-8.

As best illustrated in FIGS. 6, 9A, and 9B, the carrier box 202 includesa number of walls 210 that delineate an interior 212 of the carrier box202 from an exterior 214 thereof. The carrier box 202 has an opening 216to provide access to interior 212 of the carrier box 202 from anexterior 214 thereof. The carrier box 202 may be made of any of avariety of materials, and the walls 210 may be formed of a thermallyinsulative material (e.g., polymers, plastics), and may or may notinclude a cavity that entraps a vacuum, inert gas or air between aninner portion and an outer portion of the walls 210.

The carrier box 202 includes an array of receivers 218 (only one calledout in FIG. 9A) at a bottom 220 of interior 212 of the carrier box 202.The receivers 218 are shaped and sized to each closely receive a bottomof a respective one of the containers 100 (FIG. 1) and to therebysupport the containers 100. The array is alternatively referred to as acassette, and the individual receivers alternatively referred to as vialwells. For example, in some embodiments, each vial well or receiver 218has a suitable depth to insulate at least a lower portion of a container100 inserted therein while exposing at least an upper portion of theinserted container 100 to allow the inserted container 100 to bemanipulated for removal, such as manually by hand and/or automaticallyby an automated or robotic picker or end effector.

The number and arrangement of the receivers 218 may be based on thedimensions of the interior of the carrier box 202, the dimensions of thecontainers 100 and a desired spacing therebetween. In the illustratedimplementation, the receivers 218 are arranged in a 7 by 7 array toaccommodate a total of 49 containers 100. The array of receivers 218 maybe an integral portion of the carrier box 202, for example molded aspart of a molding the carrier box 202. Alternatively, the array ofreceivers 218 may be a separate and distinct structure, for instancepress or friction fit into the carrier box, or even snap fit into thecarrier box via tabs and slots or other engagement or securingmechanism. The array of receivers 218 may, for example be made of apolycarbonate.

As best illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 10, the thermal shunt 204 has anouter profile that is sized and shaped to be closely received in theinterior 212 of the carrier box 202. The profile may be asymmetrical toensure that thermal shunt 204 is positioned correctly in the interior212 of the carrier box 202. The thermal shunt 204 may be made of any ofa variety of materials, preferably having a relatively large thermalmass as compared to the materials to be stored in the carrier box 202.Suitable materials for the thermal shunt 204 may include, for example,slabs of non-ferrous metals, or metal impregnated polymers where themetal is a non-ferrous metal or the metal is in the form of smallpieces, particles or strands that are sufficiently small anddiscontinuous as to prevent or retard the formation of currentstherethrough. In at least some implementations, the thermal shunt 204takes the form of an aluminum plate or slab.

The thermal shunt 204 has an array of through-holes 222 (only one calledout in FIG. 10) extending therethrough. The through-holes are shaped andsized to closely receive respective ones of the containers 100 (FIG. 1)extending therethrough. The number and arrangement of the through-holes222 in the thermal shunt 204 may match the number and arrangement ofreceivers 218 of the carrier box 202. When the thermal shunt 204 ispositioned in the interior 212 of the cavity box 202, the through-holes222 of the thermal shunt 204 should align with respective ones of thereceivers 218. In the illustrated implementation, the through-holes 222of the thermal shunt 204 are arranged in a 7 by 7 array to accommodate atotal of 49 containers 100.

As best illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 11, the thermal insulator(s) 206 issized and shaped to be closely received in the interior of the carrierbox 202. The thermal insulator 206 may be provided in two parts, athermal insulation tray 206 a and a thermal insulation plate 206 b. Thethermal insulation tray 206 a has a base 224 (FIG. 6) and an upstandingside wall 226 (FIG. 6), that forms a space 228 therebetween. An outersurface of the upstanding side wall 226 is shaped and dimensioned to beclosely received in the interior 212 of the carrier box 202. The thermalinsulation plate 206 b has an outer periphery which is of a shape andsize so as to be closely received in the space 228 by an inner surfaceof the upstanding side wall 226 of the thermal insulation tray 206 a, ina nested configuration. The thermal insulation tray 206 a and thermalinsulation plate 206 b may sandwich the thermal shunt 204, for examplethermally insulating the thermal shunt 204 on all sides thereof. Thethermal insulation tray 206 a and thermal insulation plate 206 b may bemade of any of a variety of materials, preferably having a relativelylarge thermal resistance or R factor. Some suitable materials mayinclude, but are not limited to, aerogels.

Both the thermal insulation tray 206 a and thermal insulation plate 206b has a respective array of through-holes 232, 234 (only one called outfor ach array), respectively, extending therethrough. The through-holes232, 234 are shaped and sized to closely receive respective ones of thecontainers 100 (FIG. 1) extending therethrough. The number andarrangement of the through-holes 232, 234 in the thermal insulation tray206 a and thermal insulation plate 206 b may match the number andarrangement of receivers 218 of the carrier box 202. When the thermalinsulation tray 206 a and thermal insulation plate 206 b are positionedin the interior 212 of the cavity box 202, the through-holes 232, 234 ofthe thermal insulation tray 206 a and thermal insulation plate 206 bshould align with respective ones of the receivers 218 as well as withthe through-holes 222 of the thermal shunt 204. In the illustratedimplementation, the through-holes 232, 234 of the thermal insulationtray 206 a and thermal insulation plate 206 b are arranged in a 7 by 7array to accommodate a total of 49 containers 100.

As best illustrated in FIGS. 12 and 13, the top spacer 208 has a plate236 with a profile that is sized and shaped to be closely received inthe interior 212 of the carrier box 202. The plate 236 may have anasymmetric profile to ensure that the top spacer 208 is correctlypositioned in the interior 212 of the carrier box 202.

The top spacer 208 has an array of tubes 238 (only one called out) eachwith a respective through-hole 240. The through-holes 240 are shaped andsized to closely receive respective ones of the containers 100 (FIG. 1)extending therethrough. The number and arrangement of the tubes 238 andthrough-holes 240 in the top spacer may match the number and arrangementof receivers 218 of the carrier box 202. When the top spacer 208 ispositioned in the interior 212 of the cavity box 202, the through-holes240 of the top spacer 208 should align with respective ones of thereceivers 218 as well as the through-holes 222 of the thermal shunt 204and the through-holes 232, 234 of the thermal insulation tray 206 a anda thermal insulation plate 206 b. In the illustrated implementation, thethrough-holes 240 of the top spacer 208 are arranged in a 7 by 7 arrayto accommodate a total of 49 containers 100.

The top spacer 208 may be made of any of a variety of materials,preferably polymers. The top spacer 208 may include a set of spacers242, which extend laterally outwardly from tube 240 on an exterior ofthe top spacer to supportingly engage the walls 210 of the carrier box202.

FIG. 14 shows a bulk carrier 300 to maintain cryogenic conditions, thatcan carry an array of separate containers 100 (FIG. 1), for example 4separate containers 100, according to at least one implementation. Thebulk carrier 300 includes a carrier box 302, and a smaller “patient”carrier 303 removably positioned in the carrier box 302. As explainedbelow, the smaller “patient” carrier 303 may carry an array of separatecontainers 100 (FIG. 1), for example 4 separate containers 100.

The carrier box 302 may be similar or even identical to the carrier box202 of FIGS. 5, 6, 9A and 9B. Similar or even identical structures areidentified using the same reference numbers as used in describingcarrier box 202. The carrier box 302 includes a number of walls 210 thatdelineate an interior 212 of the carrier box 202 from an exterior 214thereof. The carrier box 202 has an opening 216 to provide access tointerior 212 of the carrier box 202 from an exterior 214 thereof. Thecarrier box 202 may be made of any of a variety of materials, and thewalls 210 may be formed of a thermally insulative material (e.g.,polymers, plastics), and may or may not include a cavity that entraps avacuum, inert gas or air between an inner portion and an outer portionof the walls 210.

The carrier box 202 includes an array of receivers 218 (only one calledout in FIG. 9A) at a bottom 220 of interior 212 of the carrier box 202.The receivers 218 are shaped and sized to each closely receive a bottomof a respective one of the containers 100 (FIG. 1) and to therebysupport the containers 100. The number and arrangement of the receivers218 may be based on the dimensions of the interior of the carrier box202, the dimensions of the containers 100 and a desired spacingtherebetween. In the illustrated implementation, the receivers 218 arearranged in a 7 by 7 array to accommodate a maximum of 49 containers100. As explained below, the smaller “patient” carrier 303 may bepositioned in the interior 212 of the carrier box 202 with through-holesof a portion of the smaller “patient” carrier 303 aligned withrespective ones of a subset of the receivers 218.

As best illustrated in FIGS. 14, 15 and 16, the smaller “patient”carrier 303 includes a number of walls 310 that delineate an interior312 of the smaller “patient” carrier 303 from an exterior 314 thereof.The smaller “patient” carrier 303 has an opening 316 to provide accessto interior 312 of the smaller “patient” carrier 303 from an exterior314 thereof. The smaller “patient” carrier 303 may be made of any of avariety of materials, and the walls 310 may be formed of a thermallyinsulative material (e.g., polymers, plastics), and may or may notinclude a cavity that entraps a vacuum, inert gas or air between aninner portion and an outer portion of the walls 310. The smaller“patient” carrier 303 may resemble a pedestal, having a base and anupright portion.

The smaller “patient” carrier 303 includes an array of receivers 318(only one called out in FIG. 15) at a bottom 320 of interior 312 of thesmaller “patient” carrier 303. The receivers 318 are shaped and sized toeach closely receive a bottom of a respective one of the containers 100(FIG. 1) and to thereby support the containers 100. The number andarrangement of the receivers 318 may be based on the dimensions of theinterior of the smaller “patient” carrier 303, the dimensions of thecontainers 100 and a desired spacing therebetween. In the illustratedimplementation, the receivers 318 are arranged in a 2 by 2 array toaccommodate a maximum of 49 containers 100. The receivers 318 each havea respective through-hole 323 (only one called out) that passes througha wall at the bottom 320 of the smaller “patient” carrier 303. Thethrough-holes 323 may have a smaller dimension than an inner dimensionof the receivers 318 so as to form a stop in each receiver 318, tosupport a respective container 100 (FIG. 1) at a specific depth orheight in the smaller “patient” carrier 303, and hence establishing adistance between a bottom of the containers 100 and a bottom 220 of thecarrier box 202. This may advantageously position wireless transponders108 a carried by the containers 100 within a defined range of one ormore antennas when the carrier box 202 is positioned relative toantennas of an interrogator or reader. As previously noted the smaller“patient” carrier 303 may be positioned in the interior 212 of thecarrier box 202 with through-holes 323 of the smaller “patient” carrier303 aligned with respective ones of a subset of the receivers 218 of thecarrier box 202.

The smaller “patient” carrier 303 may include structures that aresimilar to those discussed above with reference to the bulk carrier 200,for example a thermal shunt 304 (FIG. 17), thermal insulation 306 a, 306b (collectively 306) (FIGS. 18 and 19), and a top spacer 308 (FIGS. 20and 21).

As illustrated in FIG. 17, the thermal shunt 304 has an outer profilethat is sized and shaped to be closely received in the interior 312 ofthe “patient” carrier 303. The profile may be asymmetrical to ensurethat thermal shunt 304 is positioned correctly in the interior 312 ofthe “patient” carrier 303. The thermal shunt 304 may be made of any of avariety of materials, preferably having a relatively large thermal massas compared to the materials to be stored in the “patient” carrier 303.Suitable materials for the thermal shunt 304 may include, for example,slabs of non-ferrous metals, or metal impregnated polymers where themetal is a non-ferrous metal or the metal is in the form of smallpieces, particles or strands that are sufficiently small anddiscontinuous as to prevent or retard the formation of currentstherethrough. In at least some implementations, the thermal shunt 304takes the form of an aluminum plate or slab.

The thermal shunt 304 has an array of through-holes 322 (only one calledout in FIG. 17) extending therethrough. The through-holes 322 are shapedand sized to closely receive respective ones of the containers 100(FIG. 1) extending therethrough. The number and arrangement of thethrough-holes 322 in the thermal shunt 304 may match the number andarrangement of receivers 318 of the “patient” carrier 303. When thethermal shunt 304 is positioned in the interior 312 of the “patient”carrier 303, the through-holes 322 of the thermal shunt 304 should alignwith respective ones of the receivers 318 and associate through-holes323 of the receivers 318. In the illustrated implementation, thethrough-holes 322 of the thermal shunt 304 are arranged in a 2 by 2array to accommodate a total of 4 containers 100 (FIG. 1).

As illustrated in FIGS. 18 and 19, one or more thermal insulators 306 a,306 b (collectively 306) is sized and shaped to be closely received inthe interior 312 of the “patient” carrier 303. The thermal insulator 306may be provided in two parts, a thermal insulation tray 306 a(illustrated in FIG. 18) and a thermal insulation plate 206 b(illustrated in FIG. 19). The thermal insulation tray 306 a has a base324 and an upstanding side wall 326 (FIG. 6), that forms a space 328therebetween. An outer surface of the upstanding side wall 326 is shapedand dimensioned to be closely received in the interior 312 of the“patient” carrier 303. The thermal insulation plate 306 b has an outerperiphery which is of a shape and size so as to be closely received inthe space 328 by an inner surface of the upstanding side wall 326 of thethermal insulation tray 306 a, in a nested configuration. The thermalinsulation tray 306 a and thermal insulation plate 306 b mayadvantageously sandwich the thermal shunt 304, for example thermallyinsulating the thermal shunt 304 on all sides thereof. The thermalinsulation tray 306 a and thermal insulation plate 306 b may be made ofany of a variety of materials, preferably having a relatively largethermal resistance or R factor. Some suitable materials may include, butare not limited to, aerogels.

Both the thermal insulation tray 306 a and thermal insulation plate 306b has a respective array of through-holes 332, 334 (only one called outfor ach array), respectively, extending therethrough. The through-holes332, 334 are shaped and sized to closely receive respective ones of thecontainers 100 (FIG. 1) extending therethrough. The number andarrangement of the through-holes 332, 334 in the thermal insulation tray306 a and thermal insulation plate 306 b may match the number andarrangement of receivers 318 of the “patient” carrier 303. When thethermal insulation tray 306 a and thermal insulation plate 306 b arepositioned in the interior 312 of the “patient” carrier 303, thethrough-holes 332, 334 of the thermal insulation tray 306 a and thermalinsulation plate 306 b should align with respective ones of thereceivers 318 as well as with the through-holes 322 of the thermal shunt304. In the illustrated implementation, the through-holes 332, 334 ofthe thermal insulation tray 306 a and thermal insulation plate 306 b arearranged in a 2 by 2 array to accommodate a total of 4 containers 100.

As best illustrated in FIGS. 20 and 21, a top spacer 308 for the“patient” carrier 303 has a plate 336 with a profile that is sized andshaped to be closely received in the interior 312 of the “patient”carrier 303. The plate 336 may have an asymmetric profile to ensure thatthe top spacer 308 is correctly positioned in the interior 312 of the“patient” carrier 303.

The top spacer 308 has an array of tubes 338 (only one called out) eachwith a respective through-hole 340. The through-holes 340 are shaped andsized to closely receive respective ones of the containers 100 (FIG. 1)extending therethrough. The number and arrangement of the tubes 338 andthrough-holes 340 in the top spacer 308 may match the number andarrangement of receivers 318 of the “patient” carrier 303. When the topspacer 308 is positioned in the interior 312 of the “patient” carrier303, the through-holes 340 of the top spacer 308 should align withrespective ones of the receivers 318 as well as the through-holes 322 ofthe thermal shunt 304 and the through-holes 332, 334 of the thermalinsulation tray 306 a (FIG. 18) and the thermal insulation plate 306 b(FIG. 19). In the illustrated implementation, the through-holes 340 ofthe top spacer 308 are arranged in a 2 by 2 array to accommodate a totalof 4 containers 100 (FIG. 1).

The top spacer 308 may be made of any of a variety of materials,preferably polymers. The top spacer 308 may include a set of spacers 342(only two called out), which extend laterally outwardly from tubes 340on an exterior of the top spacer 308 to supportingly engage the walls310 of the “patient” carrier 303.

FIGS. 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 and 28 show a portable carrier 400 andcomponents thereof for holding bulk carriers 200, 300 (FIGS. 5, 14) withcontainers 100 (FIG. 1) that hold biological samples and/or material. Inparticular, FIG. 22 shows portable carrier 400 with a cover 402 inplace, while FIG. 24 shows the portable carrier 400 with the cover 402removed, and FIG. 25 shows the portable carrier 400 with the cover 402removed and two bulk carriers 200, 300 loaded therein.

As best illustrated in FIG. 22, the portable carrier 400 includes ahousing 404 and a removable cover 402. The portable carrier 400 mayinclude one or more latches 406 (only one called out) movable to securethe removable cover 402 in a closed position or configuration to seal aninterior of the portable carrier 400 from an exterior thereof. As bestillustrated in FIGS. 22 and 23, the portable carrier 400 may optionallyinclude a carrying handle 408.

As best illustrated in FIGS. 24 and 25, the housing 404 may be formed byan exterior shell 410. In particular, the exterior shell 410 may includean exterior bottom 414 (FIG. 23) and at least one exterior wall 416extending upwardly from a periphery of the exterior bottom 414, theexterior bottom 414 and exterior wall 416 delimiting a first cavity,open at a top thereof.

FIG. 26 shows an interior insert 412 a of the portable carrier 400,according to at least one implementation. The interior insert 412 a isreceived by or inserted into the exterior shell 410, with a space formedbetween interior insert 412 a and the exterior shell 410.

The interior insert 412 s may include an interior bottom 418 and atleast one interior wall 410 extending upwardly from a periphery of theinterior bottom 418, the interior bottom 418 and interior wall 420delimiting a second cavity 422, having an opening 424 at a top thereof.The interior insert 412 a may further include a ledge or shelf 426extending laterally from an upper edge of the interior wall 420. Theinterior insert 412 a is inserted or received in the first cavity of theexterior shell 410, an outer perimeter of the ledge or shelf 426 incontact with an inner surface of the exterior wall 416 at a top thereof.A space is formed between the exterior wall 416 of the exterior shell410 and the interior wall 420 of the interior insert 412 a, and betweenthe exterior bottom 414 of the exterior shell 410 and the interiorbottom 418 of the interior insert 412 a. The space may be filled with aridged or semi-ridged insulation, for example an aerogel. Lesspreferably, the space may evacuated or entrap a vacuum. Less preferably,the space may be filled with a fluid, for instance an inert gas, or evenless preferably air.

FIG. 27 shows a rigid or semi-rigid piece of insulation 428. The pieceof insulation 428 may, for example, be positioned in the space betweenthe exterior bottom 414 of the exterior shell 410 and the interiorbottom 418 of the interior insert 412 a. Alternatively, the piece ofinsulation 428 may be used as a cover, to removably close the opening216 (FIG. 6) and thereby limit heat transfer between the interior 212 ofthe carrier box 202 and the exterior 214 thereof. The piece ofinsulation may, for example comprise an aerogel.

FIG. 28 shows a piece of cover insulation 430 of the portable carrier400 of FIG. 22, according to at least one implementation. The coverinsulation 430 is positionable to overly the contents of the portablecarrier 400, for example overlying the bulk carriers 200, 300 when thebulk carriers 200, 300 are loaded into the portable carrier 400. Thecover insulation 430 underlies the removable cover 402. Alternatively,the cover insulation 430 may be used as a cover, to removably close theopening 216 (FIG. 6) and thereby limit heat transfer between theinterior 212 of the carrier box 202 and the exterior 214 thereof. Thecover insulation 430 has a profile or outer perimeter 432 that is shapedand sized to be closely received by the interior wall 420, eliminatingor substantially eliminating convection past the cover insulation 430The cover insulation 430 may take the form of a rigid or semi-rigidpiece of insulation, and may for example comprise an aerogel. The coverinsulation 430 may have recesses or canopies 434 to accommodate thecontents of the bulk carriers 200, 300, for example to accommodate aheight of the containers 100 when loaded.

FIG. 29 is an isometric view of a container 1100 for holding biologicalsamples, the container including a 1104 vial and a 1106 cap, the vial1104 being at least partially covered by an outer jacket 1107, alsocalled an outer sleeve or frame, according to at least oneimplementation. The cap 1106 is sized and shaped to removably close theopening 1120 at the first end 1112 a of the vial 1104. The vial 1104 hasa first end 1112 a, a second end 1112 b, and a side wall 1114. Thesecond end 1112 b is opposed from the first end 1112 a across a lengthof the vial 1104, and the side wall 1114 extends between the first andthe second ends 1112 a, 1112 b to delimit an interior of the vial 1104from an exterior thereof. The vial 1104 has an opening 1120 at the firstend 1112 a thereof, and the second end 1112 b may be closed or sealable.The vial 1104 takes the form of a tube, which may have a circularprofile or cross section, or alternatively may have other shapes (e.g.,rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal). The opening 1120 of the vial 1104may, for example, be circular, although the opening 1120 may have othershapes. The second end 1112 b of the vial 1104 may, for example,terminate in a semi-spherical tip or may be frustoconical, terminatingin a flat surface 1122 which is perpendicular to the longitudinal axisof the vial 1104.

FIG. 30 is an isometric view of the container with the cap 1106 removedtherefrom, with an elongate specimen holder 1102 extending from the cap1106 as an integral, permanently fixed, or removably-attached element,according to at least one implementation. The elongate specimen holder1102 may have a generally solid form having no through passage (e.g., astick, spatula, sampling rod). The elongate specimen holder 1102 mayextend from a bottom surface 1113, i.e., interior-facing surface, of thecap. FIG. 31 is an isometric view of the cap 1106 showing the specimenholder 1102 fixed to bottom surface 1113 of the cap 1106, according toat least one implementation. The specimen holder 1102 may be fixed tobottom surface 1113 of the cap 1106 in any of a variety of ways. Forexample, the specimen holder 1102 and the cap 1106 may take the form ofa single, unitary piece structure or construction, for instance moldedas a single unitary and optionally monolithic part. Also for example,the specimen holder 1102 may be interference or friction fitted in anaperture in the bottom surface 1113 of the cap 1106. Also for example,the specimen holder 1102 may be adhered to the bottom surface 1113 ofthe cap 1106.

FIGS. 32 and 33 are a bottom view and a top view, respectively, of thecap 1106 without an attached specimen holder 1102, according to at leastone implementation.

The specimen holder 1102 has a distal end to carry a specimen 1103, suchas biological materials and/or samples (e.g., eggs, sperm, and zygotes),and a proximate end which is attached to, or integral with, the cap1106. In implementations, the specimen holder 1102 and the cap 1106 maybe a single, unitary structure, and the specimen holder 1102 may includea spatula 1143 having a flat surface 1145 at the distal end of thespecimen holder 1102, with the specimen 1103 being frozen to the flatsurface 1145.

The cap 1106 may have a top portion 1125 and a side wall 1126 extendingfrom the top portion 1125, the side wall 1126 delimiting a portion ofthe cap 1106 which is smaller in extent relative to the top portion 1125in a direction transverse to the longitudinal axis of the vial 1104 sothat the side wall 1126 can be inserted into the interior of the vial1104, the top portion 1125 acting as a stopper to limit the depth ofinsertion of the side wall 1126 into the vial 1104. The cap 1106 mayhave threads 1132 a, for example on an outer surface of the side wall1126 to mate with corresponding threads 1132 b on an inner surface ofthe side wall 1114 of the vial 1104.

Implementations may advantageously include a number of ports 1205 and/orvents 1210 (see FIGS. 33 and 35). The ports 1205 advantageously allowingress of liquid (e.g., liquid nitrogen) into an interior of the vial1104 while the cap 1106 is in place on the vial 1104, while the ventsallow gas (e.g., air) to escape from the interior of the vial 1104 asliquid enters the vial 1104 while the cap 1106 is in place on the vial1104. The ports 1205 may be located in the vial 1104 (one visible inFIG. 35), in the cap 1106, or in both the vial 1104 and the cap 1106.The vents 1210 may be located in the cap 1106 (four shown in FIGS.30-33), in the vial 1104 (one shown in FIG. 30), or in both the cap 1106and the vial 1104. The ports 1205 and vents 1210 provide ingress andegress between the interior of the vial 1104 and the exterior while thecap 1106 is secured to the vial 1104. Preferably, the vents 1210 arelocated toward the top (e.g., in the cap or at least proximate the topof the vial), while the ports 1205 are positioned toward the bottom(e.g., at least proximate the bottom of the vial), which allows liquidto leach in from the bottom of the container 1100 and gas to vent outfrom the top as the container 100 is lowered into a cryogenic bath,e.g., in a dewar.

Although the term “vent” has been used herein to describe through-holes(which are not necessarily round), which allow gas (e.g., air) to escapethe vial 1104 and the term “port” has been used to describethrough-holes which allow liquid nitrogen into the vial 1104, theseterms are interchangeable in some cases. For example, the structure ofthe through-holes used for the vents 1210 and ports 1205 may be simpleapertures and therefore may function primarily as vents 1210 or ports1205 depending on their position relative to the top and bottom of thecontainer 1100 and depending on operational conditions (e.g., dependingon whether a container 1100 is being lowered into or raised out of acryogenic bath). In some implementations, the ports 1205 and vents 1210may include valves, flaps, screens, filters, or other structures, torestrict the flow of gas or liquid to a specific direction vis-à-vis theinterior of the vial 1104 and this may result in structures which act asdedicated ports 1205 or vents 1210. In some cases, the outer jacket 1107(discussed below) may include through-holes in correspondence with thethrough-holes in the vial 1104 to facilitate ingress and egress ofliquid and/or air.

The cap 1106 may be formed of any of a variety of materials, for examplepolymers, for instance thermoplastics, such as polypropylene orpolyethylene, and/or any other suitable material that withstandtemperatures common in cryogenic applications without significantdegradation. An outer surface of the top portion 1125 of the cap 1106may include a plurality of facets 1136 to facilitate gripping whentightening or loosening the cap 1106. While the cap 1106 is generallyillustrated as having a portion thereof securely received within theopening of the vial 1104, in some implementations, the cap 1106 mayalternatively be sized to receive a portion of the vial 1104 within anopening in the cap 1106, as in the example of FIG. 1.

The container includes an outer jacket 1107 covering at least a portionof an exterior surface of the vial (see FIGS. 29, 30, and 35). The outerjacket 1107 is shaped and sized to allow the vial 1104 to be receivedwithin a top opening of the jacket 1107. Both the vial 1104 and theouter jacket 1107 may have, for example, a circular cross-section suchthat the circumference of an exterior surface of the vial 1104 isapproximately equal to a circumference of an inner surface of the jacket1107. Such a configuration allows for a snug fit between the vial 1104and the outer jacket 1107. In implementations, the second end 1112 b ofthe vial 1104, e.g., the frustoconical tip which terminates in a flatsurface 1122, may extend from a bottom opening of the jacket 1107.

The inner surface of the jacket 1107 may be attached to the exteriorsurface of the vial, e.g., friction fitted, heat fitted, and/or viaadhesive, in implementations in which the outer jacket 1107 is to remainassociated with the particular vial throughout the lifecycle of thecontainer 1100. In some implementations, the inner surface of the jacket1107 may be removably attached to the exterior surface of the vial 1104to allow removal and replacement of the outer jacket 1107, e.g., if theouter jacket 1107 is to be associated with more than one vial 1104 (orvice versa). In such a case, there may be an elastic compression fitand/or a friction fit between the vial 1104 and the outer jacket 1107.In implementations, the inner surface of the jacket 1107 and/or theexterior surface of the vial 1104 may include deformable protrusions(not shown) which compress elastically to form a compression fit betweenthe vial 1104 and the outer jacket 1107. In implementations, the innersurface of the jacket 1107 and/or the exterior surface of the vial 1104may include opposing threads or ridges to secure the vial 1104 withinthe outer jacket 1107 (or, in other words, to secure the outer jacket tothe vial). In implementations, outer jackets 1107 may be manufacturedseparately from vials 1100 and, for example, retrofitted onto existingvials 1104.

The outer jacket 1107 may have openings 1151 (see FIGS. 29 and 30)through which the exterior surface of the vial 1104 is visible, therebyallowing the contents of the vial 1104 to be seen in implementations inwhich the vial 1104 is transparent or translucent. The openings 1151 mayhave longer sides which run in a direction along the longitudinal axisof the outer jacket 1107 and shorter sides which run in a directiontransverse to the longitudinal axis of the outer jacket 1107 and curvearound the circumference of the vial.

In implementations, an arrangement of arms 1152 may extend from thebottom opening of the jacket 1107 in a longitudinal direction of theouter jacket 1107 to support a platform 1150, e.g., a solid, disk-shapedplatform, which is oriented in a plane which is transverse to thelongitudinal axis of the outer jacket 1107 (see FIGS. 29, 30, and 35).For example, there may be four arms 1152 at positions which are 90degrees apart around the circumference of the outer jacket 1107. Thearms 1152 and the platform 1150 may be positioned and sized so that aninner surface of the platform 1150 forms a bottom interior surface ofthe jacket 1107. The bottom interior surface of the jacket 1107 may bein contact with, or nearly in contact with, the bottom portion of thevial 1104 when the vial is received in the outer jacket 1107. Theplatform 1150 may be attached to the ends of the arms 1152 or may beintegrally formed with the arms 1152, such as, for example, in athermoplastic manufacturing process.

The container 1100 may include one or more wireless transponders 1108 a,1108 b, 1108 c (collectively 1108). As discussed above in the context ofFIG. 1, wireless transponders 1108 may take a variety of forms, such as,for example, active, passive, or battery-assisted radio frequencyidentification (RFID) transponders and/or micro-electro-mechanicalsystems (MEMS) transponders. Each of the wireless transponders 1108 mayencode a unique identifier and may respond to wireless interrogationsignals with response signals encoding the unique identifiers, forexample via backscattering. In some implementations, all of the wirelesstransponders 1108 associated with a particular container 1100 may encodethe same identifier as one another, the identifier uniquely identifyingthe container 1100. Alternatively, a nontransitory processor-readablemedium may store a relationship between unique identifiers correspondingto wireless transponders 1108 associated with the same respectivecontainer 1100. The wireless transponders 1108 are able to withstandcold temperatures (e.g., negative 150° C.; negative 196° C.) andcontinue to operate. The wireless transponders 1108 may take the form ofpassive wireless transponders, which rely on power from interrogationsignals to provide responses, e.g., via backscattering.

FIG. 34 is a bottom view of the container 1100 showing a first wirelesstransponder 1108 a fixed on the platform 1150 at the bottom end of theouter jacket 1107 of the container 1100, according to at least oneimplementation. The first wireless transponder 1108 a may be fixed on anouter surface of the platform 1150, the transponder 1108 a including,e.g., a first antenna 1138 a (e.g., a microstrip or printed antenna,such as a patch antenna, coil antenna, spiral antenna, Planar InvertedF-Antenna, etc.) which is coupled to a respective transponder circuit1139 a (e.g., a radio, transmitter, backscatter circuit, as shown inFIG. 4). The first antenna 1138 a typically has a beam axis aligned witha main lobe of a radiation plot of the first antenna 1138 a, which wouldbe in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the outer jacket1107.

In implementations, at least a portion of the platform 1150 itself may,for example, take the form of a radio frequency identification (RFID)button cell (see, e.g., FIG. 4) which is attached to the arrangement ofarms 1152 and which serves as the first wireless transponder 1108 a. Insome cases, a portion of the platform, e.g., a thin disk-like plate of athickness less than that of the platform 1150 discussed above, may beattached to the arrangement of arms 1152 and have an RFID button cellmounted thereon. In either of these configurations, i.e., thetransponder being fixed on the platform or at least a portion of theplatform itself being an RFID button cell, the first wirelesstransponder 1108 a is fixed to the structure of the outer jacket 1107,as opposed to being received or positioned in a recess formed in thebottom of the vial 1104 or being otherwise directly fixed to the vial1104.

In implementations, the circuitry of the first antenna 1138 a, andpossibly the transponder circuit 1139 a, may be at least partiallycovered by a non-conductive label 1144 a (see FIGS. 29 and 30) withmachine-readable symbol(s) and/or human-readable information formedthereon so as to be visible on the bottom of the container 1100. Inimplementations, a label 1144 a with a machine-readable symbol(s) formedthereon may be applied to the outer surface of the platform 1150 withouta wireless transponder being present. The label 1144 a may be at leastpartially covered at a later time by attachable wireless transpondercircuitry, such as, for example, circuitry formed on a carrier having anadhesive backing or a carrier which is attachable using adhesive, e.g.,epoxy. The epoxy may encapsulate the first wireless transponder 1108 a,or the combination of the platform 1150 and epoxy may encapsulate thefirst wireless transponder 1108 a, to securely attach and provideenvironmental protection thereto. Alternatively, the first wirelesstransponder 1108 a may be molded or encapsulated in a portion of theplatform 1150 itself.

FIG. 35 is a side view of the container 1100 showing a label 1144 fixedto the side of the outer jacket 1107 which may cover or be positionednear a second wireless transponder 1108 b, according to at least oneimplementation. The second wireless transponder 1108 b has a respectiveantenna 1138 b (e.g., second antenna) which is coupled to a respectivetransponder circuit 1139 b. The second antenna 1138 b has a beam axisaligned with a main lobe of a radiation plot of the second antenna 1138b. The second wireless transponder 1108 b is fixed to the outer jacket1107 with the beam axis thereof extending perpendicularly to the beamaxis of the first antenna 1138 a. In implementations, the secondwireless transponder 1108 b may take the form of a radio frequencyidentification (RFID) tag. The RFID tag may have a flexible substrate orcarrier which bears the second antenna 1138 b and associated transpondercircuit 1139 b. The RFID tag may wrap at least partially around an outerperimeter of the outer jacket 1107. The second wireless transponder 1108b may be fixed to a portion of the outer jacket 1107, for example via anepoxy or other adhesive.

In implementations, the circuitry of the second antenna 1138 b andtransponder circuit 1139 b may be at least partially covered by a label1144 (e.g., a label formed of a non-conductive material) withmachine-readable symbols and/or human-readable information formedthereon (e.g., of the sort discussed above with respect to FIG. 1) so asto be visible on the side of the container 1100, e.g., extending in alongitudinal direction of the container 1100. In implementations, alabel with a machine-readable symbol(s) formed thereon may be fixed onthe outer surface of the platform 1150 without a wireless transponderbeing present. The label may be at least partially covered at a latertime by attachable wireless transponder circuitry, such as, for example,circuitry formed on a carrier having an adhesive backing or a carrierwhich is attachable using adhesive, e.g., epoxy.

Epoxy may encapsulate the second wireless transponder 1108 b, or thecombination of the jacket 1107 and the epoxy may encapsulate the secondwireless transponder 1108 b, to securely attach and provideenvironmental protection thereto. Alternatively, the second wirelesstransponder 1108 b may be at least partially molded or encapsulated in aportion of the outer jacket 1107 itself.

In implementations, machine-readable symbol(s) may be fixed to otherportions of the vial 1104, cap 1106, and/or outer jacket 1107, e.g., viaepoxy. In at least some implementations, the machine-readable symbolsmay be integral to the wireless transponders 1108, e.g., printed,embossed, inscribed or otherwise applied thereto.

As discussed above, the first antenna 1138 a may be fixed on an outersurface of the platform 1150 at the bottom end of the jacket 1107, inwhich case the beam axis of the first antenna 1138 a of the firstwireless transponder 1108 a extends in a direction orthogonal to a planeof the platform 1105, which is in a direction along the longitudinalaxis of the outer jacket 1107. As noted above, by providing the firstand second wireless transponders 1108 a, 1108 b as separate and distinctsubstrates, the shape and features of the outer jacket 1107 mayadvantageously be employed to ensure that the beam axes are orthogonalto one another. Such an arrangement and positioning may facilitateinterrogating or reading from below the vials, for example when held instorage in a cryogenic-cooled container.

FIG. 36 is a top view of the container 1100 showing a third wirelesstransponder 1108 c fixed on a top surface 1124 of the cap 1106,according to at least one implementation. The third wireless transponder1108 c may be fixed on an outer surface, e.g., the top surface 1124, ofthe cap 1106, the transponder including an antenna 1138 c (e.g., a thirdantenna) which is coupled to a respective transponder circuit 1139 c(e.g., a radio, transmitter, backscatter circuit, as shown in FIG. 4).The third antenna 1138 c typically has a beam axis aligned with a mainlobe of a radiation plot of the third antenna 1138 c, which would be ina direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the outer jacket 1107.The direction of the beam axis of the third antenna 1138 c is alignedwith that of the first antenna 1138 a but points in a direction oppositeto that of the beam axis of the first antenna 1138 a, i.e., the beamaxis of the third antenna 1138 c points away from the top of thecontainer 1100, whereas the beam axis of the first antenna 1138 a pointsaway from the bottom of the container 1100. In implementations, a radiofrequency identification (RFID) button cell (see, e.g., FIG. 4) may beattached to a top surface 1124 of the cap 1106 to serve as the thirdwireless transponder 1108 c. The third wireless transponder 1108 c, asexplained above, is fixed to the structure of the cap 1106, as opposedto being directly fixed to the vial 1104 or the outer jacket 1107.Hence, the cap 1106 is fixed to the specimen holder 1102. Therefore, thethird wireless transponder 1108 c (and its associated identifyinginformation) remains associated with, i.e., communicatively coupled to,a specific specimen and this may result in operational advantages.

In implementations, the circuitry of the third antenna 1138 c and thetransponder circuit 1139 c may be at least partially covered by anon-conductive label with a machine-readable symbol(s) formed thereon soas to be visible on the top of the container 1100. In implementations, alabel (not shown) with a machine-readable symbol formed thereon may beapplied to the outer surface (e.g., the top surface 1124) of the cap1106 without a wireless transponder being present. The label may be atleast partially covered at a later time by attachable wirelesstransponder circuitry, such as, for example, circuitry formed on acarrier having an adhesive backing or a carrier which is attachableusing adhesive, e.g., epoxy. The epoxy may encapsulate the thirdwireless transponder 1108 c, or the combination of the cap 1106 and theepoxy may encapsulate the third wireless transponder 1108 c, to securelyattach and provide environmental protection thereto. Alternatively, thethird wireless transponder 1108 c may be molded or encapsulated in aportion of the cap 1106 itself.

Physically attaching a wireless transponder to a portion of a cap may beparticularly advantageous where the elongated specimen holder (e.g.spatula, stick, or straw) is fixed to the cap, either as a singleunitary piece structure or via adhesive or a weld (e.g., high frequencyor radio frequency welding, ultrasonic welding). In suchimplementations, a wireless transponder encoding unique identifyinginformation (e.g., a unique identifier) may be undetachably orpermanently physically coupled to the elongated specimen holder via thecap, and hence undetachably or permanently physically associated with aspecimen, even where the elongated specimen holder and/or specimen arewithdrawn from a vial.

The container 1100 may include or bear one or more sensors 1110 (seeFIG. 35). As discussed above with respect to FIG. 1, the sensor(s) 1110may take a variety of forms, such as, for example, wireless sensorswhich include an antenna and transponder circuit to wirelessly transmitmeasurements or other indications of sensed condition. The sensor(s)1110 may be fixed to a portion of the vial 1104, cap 1106, and/or outerjacket 1107, e.g., via an epoxy or other adhesive. The epoxy mayencapsulate the sensor(s) 1110, or the combination of the epoxy and thestructure to which the sensor(s) 1110 are affixed may encapsulate thesensor(s) 1110, to securely attach and provide environmental protectionthereto. In implementations, the sensor(s) 1110 may be molded orencapsulated in a portion of the vial 1104, cap 1106, and/or outerjacket 1107. The sensor(s) may be integral to the wireless transponders1108 or may be separate and distinct from the wireless transponders1108.

The various structures described herein may have dimensions conformingwith a standardized format (e.g., American National Standards Institute(ANSI) format, Society for Biomolecular Screening (SBS) format, Societyfor Laboratory Automation and Screening format (SLAS), etc.). Forexample, in some embodiments, arrays of receptacles or other describedstructures can have a footprint that matches an SBS-format rack tofacilitate use in an automated storage facility.

The various structures described herein may be comprised of any of alarge variety of materials, although materials that would interfere withradio or microwave frequency communications will typically be avoided,or such materials spaced sufficient far (e.g., 3 mm) from antennas ofwireless transponders and/or the anticipate location of interrogators orreaders used to communicate with such wireless transponders. Further,the various structures described herein not only establish positioningor spacing in a two-dimensional plane (e.g., horizontal or XY plane),but also establish positioning or spacing in a third dimension (e.g.,vertical or Z axis). At least some of the structures described hereinsupport the containers 100 to ensure that a given location of thecontainer (e.g., bottom surface with button coin RFID transponder) isspaced within a given distance or range (e.g., 20 mm; 15 mm) of anexterior of a carrier 200, 300, 400 and/or a location (i.e.,interrogation station or reader station, e.g., located proximate acryogenic cooler) at which an antenna of an interrogator or reader willbe when the carrier 200, 300, 400 is placed at a reading location.

The various structures described herein as employing an aerogel may insome implementations consist of an aerogel. In other implementations,such structures may comprise an aerogel along with one or more othercomponents. For example, some structures may employ a plastic (e.g.,polypropylene) that is doped with an aerogel, which may advantageouslyenhance a dimensional stability of the structure. For instance, an arrayor cassette may include an aluminum bucket with an array of aperturessized and shaped to hold a plurality of containers, a top spacer of aplastic doped with aerogel with an array of apertures sized and shapedto hold a plurality of containers, and an outer sleeve of a plasticdoped with aerogel that at least partially surrounds the aluminum bucketand top spacer.

The various implementations and embodiments described above can becombined to provide further implementations and embodiments. All of thecommonly assigned US patent application publications, US patentapplications, foreign patents, and foreign patent applications referredto in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet,including but not limited U.S. patent application 62/900,281, filed Sep.13, 2019; U.S. patent application 62/880,786, filed Jul. 31, 2019; U.S.patent application 62/879,160, filed Jul. 26, 2019; U.S. patentapplication 62/741,986, filed Oct. 5, 2018; and U.S. patent application62/741,998, filed Oct. 5, 2018, are each incorporated herein byreference, in their entirety. These and other changes can be made to theembodiments in light of the above-detailed description.

Various changes can be made to the embodiments in light of theabove-detailed description. For example, thermal insulators may consistof an aerogel or may comprise an aerogel and another non-aerogel thermalinsulator (e.g., plastic). In some implementations, a thermal insulatormay comprise an aerogel housed by a protective shell (e.g., plasticshell) or housing. One or more thermally insulative structures mayadditionally or alternatively be employed, for example one or morethermal breaks (e.g., walls defining cavities that a vacuum ornear-vacuum, or holding an inert gas, or even a non-inert gas).

In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not beconstrued to limit the claims to the specific implementations andembodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should beconstrued to include all possible implementations and embodiments alongwith the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.

1. A carrier to carry vials of biological materials and extend cryogenicconditions, the carrier comprising: a container having a top, a bottomand at least one side wall, the bottom having an inner facing surfaceand an outer facing surface, the at least one side wall having an innerfacing surface and an outer facing surface, the inner facing surface ofthe bottom and the inner facing surface of the at least one side walldelineating an interior compartment having an interior compartmentprofile, the container having an opening at the top thereof; a thermalshunt, the thermal shunt comprising a substrate comprising a metal andhaving a first major face and a second major face, the second major faceopposed from the first major face across a thickness of the substrate,the substrate having an array of a plurality of throughholes that extendthrough the thickness of the substrate, each of the throughholes of thesubstrate shaped and sized to receive at least a portion of a respectivevial therethrough, the substrate closely receivable in the interiorcompartment of the container; at least one thermal insulator closelyreceivable in the interior compartment of the container and thatoverlies the first major face and underlies the second major face of thesubstrate of thermal shunt, the at least one thermal insulator having anarray of a plurality of throughholes that extend therethrough, each ofthe throughholes of the at least one thermal insulator the shaped andsized to receive at least a portion of a respective vial therethrough;and a spacer closely receivable in the interior compartment of thecontainer, the spacer having an array of a plurality of throughholesthat extend therethrough, each of the throughholes of the spacer theshaped and sized to receive at least a portion of a respective vialtherethrough, and wherein, when the spacer, the thermal shunt, the atleast one thermal insulator are stacked in the interior compartment ofthe container, each of the throughholes of the spacer is axially alignedwith a respective one of the throughholes of the thermal shunt and isaxially aligned with a respective at least one of the throughholes ofthe at least one thermal insulator.
 2. The carrier of claim 1 whereinthe vials each carry a respective wireless transponder, and acombination of the bottom of the container, the thermal shunt, the atleast one thermal insulator and the spacer positions the vialslongitudinally to space the wireless transponders relatively above orrelatively below the thermal shunt by a defined distance.
 3. The carrierof claim 1 wherein the vials each carry a respective wirelesstransponder proximate at least one of a top or a bottom of the vial, anda combination of any of the bottom of the container, the thermal shunt,the at least one thermal insulator and the spacer positions the vialslongitudinally to space the wireless transponders relatively above orrelatively below the thermal shunt by a distance of at least 3millimeters.
 4. The carrier of claim 1 wherein a combination of any of athickness of the bottom of the container, the thermal shunt, the atleast one thermal insulator and the spacer positions the vialslongitudinally to space a bottom of the vials within a defined distanceof an exterior surface of the bottom.
 5. The carrier of claim 1 whereina combination of any of a thickness of the bottom of the container, thethermal shunt, the at least one thermal insulator and the spacerpositions the vials longitudinally to space a bottom of the vials withina distance of less than 20 mm or more preferably less than 15 mm of anexterior surface of the bottom.
 6. The carrier of claim 1 wherein the atleast one thermal insulator comprises a thermal insulator tray and athermal insulator plate, the substrate of the thermal shunt sandwichedbetween the thermal insulator tray and the thermal insulator plate. 7.The carrier of claim 1 wherein the at least one thermal insulatorcomprises a thermal insulator tray and a thermal insulator plate, thetray having a base having a periphery and a peripheral wall that extendsfrom and about the periphery of the base, the base having an array of aplurality of throughholes, and the thermal insulator plate having anarray of a plurality of throughholes, the throughholes of the thermalinsulator tray axially aligned with respective throughholes of thethermal insulator plate and axially aligned with respective throughholesof the substrate of the thermal shunt.
 8. The carrier of claim 7 whereinthe thermal insulator plate is closely receivable by the peripheral wallof the thermal insulator tray to enclose the thermal shunt on all sidesthereof by a combination of the thermal insulator tray and the thermalinsulator plate.
 9. The carrier of claim 8 wherein the at least onethermal insulator is an aerogel.
 10. The carrier of claim 1 wherein thesubstrate of the thermal shunt is a heat sink in the form of a block ofnon-ferrous metal.
 11. The carrier of claim 1 wherein the substrate ofthe thermal shunt is a heat sink in the form of a block of aluminum. 12.The carrier of claim 1 wherein the substrate of the thermal shunt is aheat sink in the form of a block of non-ferrous metal impregnatedpolymer.
 13. The carrier of claim 1 wherein the bottom of the containerincludes an array of a plurality of receptacles that extend upwardlyfrom the inner facing surface, each of the receptacles having adimension sized to receive a bottom portion of a respective vialtherein, and wherein, when the spacer, the thermal shunt, the at leastone thermal insulator are stacked in the interior compartment of thecontainer, each of the throughholes of the spacer, the thermal shunt,and the at least one thermal insulator is axially aligned with arespective one of the receptacles.
 14. The carrier of claim 13 whereinthe throughholes of the spacer, the thermal shunt, the at least onethermal insulator are arranged in a 2 by 2 array.
 15. The carrier ofclaim 13 wherein the throughholes of the spacer, the thermal shunt, theat least one thermal insulator are arranged in a 7 by 7 array.
 16. Thecarrier of claim 13 wherein the throughholes the spacer, the thermalshunt, the at least one thermal insulator are each circular.
 17. Thecarrier of claim 1, further comprising: a cover coupleable to thecontainer to seal the opening in the top of the container while thespacer, the thermal shunt, the at least one thermal insulator arestacked in the interior compartment of the container.
 18. The carrier ofclaim 1 wherein the at least one side wall of the container is athermally insulated side wall, and further comprising: a handle coupledto the container.
 19. The carrier of claim 1, further comprising atleast one of: a passive temperature sensor fixed to a portion of thecarrier, the temperature sensor operable to provide a signalrepresentative of a temperature in the interior compartment of thecontainer; a passive wireless transponder fixed to a portion of thecarrier, the wireless transponder operable to withstand temperatures ofapproximately negative 150° C. and to subsequently or concurrentlywireless transmit a unique identifier; and a machine-readable symbolfixed to a portion of the carrier and which encodes a unique identifier.20.-76. (canceled)